Basi Scientifiche per Linee Guida

17.0 BIBLIOGRAFIA

EPIDEMIOLOGIA
Holund B. Latent prostatic cancer in a consecutive autopsy series. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1980; 14: 29-43

Montie J.E. Observations on the epidemiology and natural history of prostate cancer. Urology 1994; 44: 2-8

Pavone-Macaluso M. Does family history influence the risk of prostate cancer? In: Murphy G, Khoury S, Chatelain C, Denis L. (Eds). Third International Symposium on Recent Advances in Urological Cancer. Diagnosis and Treatment, 1992 pp. 29-31, Paris, SCI

Shibata A, Whittemore AS. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality in the United States and the United Kingdom. J Natl Cancer I 2001; 93: 1109-1110


DIAGNOSI PRECOCE E SCREENING
Advisory Committee on Cancer Prevention. Position paper. Recommendations on cancer screening in European Union. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 1473-1478

Bartsch G, Horniger W, Klocker H, Reissigl A, Oberaigner W, Schonitzer D et al. Prostate cancer mortality after introduction of prostate specific antigen mass screening in the federal state of Tyrol, Austria. Urology 2002; 58: 417-424

Boccardo F, Ciatto S, Martorana G. Italian National Consensus Conference on Prostate Cancer Screening (Florence, May 17, 2003) - Final consensus document. Int J Biol Markers 2003; 18(4): 238-240

Ciatto S, Zappa M, Bonardi R, Gervasi G. Prostate cancer screening: the problem of overdiagnosis and lessons to be learned from breast cancer screening. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36: 1347-1350

Ciatto S. Screening for prostate cancer by PSA determination: a time for caution. Int J Biol Markers 2000;15: 285-287

Cooper GS, Yuan Z, Jethva RN, Rimm AA. Determination of county-level prostate carcinoma incidence and detection rates with Medicare claims data. Cancer 2001; 92: 102-109

de Koning HJ, Auvinen A, Berenger-Sanchez A, Calais da Silva F, Ciatto S, Denis L, Gohagan JK, Hakama M, Hugosson J, Kranse R, Nelen V, Prorok P, Schroeder F. Large scale randomized prostate cancer screening trias: program performances in the european randomized screening for prostate cancer trial and the prostate, lung, colorectal and ovary cancer trial. Int J Cancer 2002; 97: 237-244

Labrie F, Candas B, Dupont A, et al. Screening Decreases Prostate Cancer Death: First Analysis of the 1988 Quebec Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. Prostate 1999; 38: 83-91

Lu-Yao G, Albertsen PC, Stanford JL, Stukel TA, Walker-Crkery ES, Barry MJ. Natural experiment examining impact of aggressive screening and treatment on prostate cancer mortality in two fixed cohorts from Seattle area and Connecticut. BMJ 2002; 325:740

Melia J and Moss S. Survey of the rate of PSA testing in general practice. Brit J Cancer 2001; 85: 656-665

Zappa M, Ciatto S, Bonardi R, Mazzotta A. Overdiagnosis of prostate carcinoma by screening: an estimate based on the results of the Florence Screening Pilot Study. Ann Oncol 1998; 9: 1297-1300


SINTOMATOLOGIA, DIAGNOSI E STADIAZIONE
Diagnosi
Babaian RJ, Toi A, Kamoi K, Troncoso P, Sweet J, Evans R, Johnston D, Chen M. A comparative analysis of sextant and an extended 11-core multisite directed biopsy strategy. J Urol 2000 Jan; 163 (1): 152-7

Chiou RK, Anderson JC, Peckham JC, et al. Does color Doppler imaging contribute to prostate cancer detection? Preliminary result of a urologist-radiologist collaborative study. J Urol 2000; 163 (4): 280 [Abs 1245]

Devonec M, Fendler JP, Monsallier M, et al. The significance of the prostatic hypoechoic area: results in 226 ultrasonically guided prostatic biopsies. J Urol 1990; 143: 316

Djavan B, Remzi M, Schulman CC, Marberger M, Zlotta AR. Repeat prostate biopsy: Who, how and when? A review. Eur Urol 2002; 42: 93-103

Eskew LA, Bare RL, McCullough DL. Systematic 5 region prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for dignosing carcinoma of the prostate. J Urol 1997; 157 (1): 199-202. Discussion 202-3

Esposti PL, Elman A, Norlen H. Complications of transrectal aspiration biopsy of the prostate. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1975; 9: 208-213

Gore JL, Shariat SE, Miles BJ, Kadmon D, Jiang N, Wheeler TM, Slawin KM. Optimal combinations of systematic sextant and laterally directed biopsies for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 2001; 165 (5): 1554-9

Haggman MJ, Macoska JA, Wojno KJ, Oesterling JE. The relationship between prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer: critical issues. J Urol 1997; 158: 12-22

Hodge KK, McNeal JE, Terris MK, Stamey TA. Random systematic versus directed ultrasound guided transrectal guided core biopsies of the prostate. J Urol 1989; 142: 71-75

Levine MA, Ittman M, Melamed J. Two consecutive sets of transrectal ultrasound guided sextant biopsies of the prostate for the detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 159: 471

Loch J, McNeal JL, Stamey TA. Interpretation of bilateral positive biopsies in prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 154 (3): 1078-83

Lowe BA, Listrom MB. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of the predictors of progression. J Urol 1988a; 140: 1340

Nasu Y, Saika T, Arata R, et al. The clinical value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound: is it really useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer? J Urol 2000;163 (4): 280 [Abs 1244]

Naughton CK, Miller DC, Mager DE, Ornstein DK, Catalona WJ. A prospective randomized trial comparing 6 versus 12 prostate biopsy cores: impact in cancer detection. J Urol 2000; 164 (2): 388-92

Nava L, Montorsi F, Consonni P, et al. Results of a prospective randomized study comparing 6, 12, and 18 transrectal, ultrasound guided, sextant biopsies in patients with elevated PSA, normal DRE and normal prostatic ultrasound. J Urol 1997; 157 (Suppl): 59 [Abs 226]

Norberg M, Egevad L, Holmberg L, Sparen P, Norlen BJ, Brusch C. The sextant protocol for ultrasound-guided core biopsies of the prostate underestimates the presence of cancer. Urology 1997; 50 (4): 562-6

Presti JC, Chang JJ, Bhargava V, Shinohara K. The optimal systematic prostate biopsy scheme should include 8 rather than 6 biopsy: results of a prospective clinical trial. J Urol 2000; 163 (1): 163-6. Discussion 166-7

Ravery V, Goldblatt L, Royer B, Blanc E, Toublanc M, Boccon-Gibod L. Extensive biopsy protocol improves the detection rate of prostate cancer. J Urol 2000; 164 (2): 393-6

Roerhborn CG, Pickers GJ, Sanders JS. Diagnostic yield of repeated ultrasound guided biopsies stratified by specific histopathologic diagnosis and prostate specific antigen levels. Urology 1996; 47: 347-352

Soloway M. Do unto others. Why I would want anesthesia for my prostate biopsy. Urology 2003; 62: 973-975

Stamey TA. Making the most out of six systemic sextant biopsies. Urology 1995; 45: 2-12

Stricker HJ, Ruddock LJ, Wan J: Detection of non palpable prostae cancer. A mathematical and laboratory model. Brit J Urol 1993; 71: 43

Vallancien G, Prapotnich D, Veillon B, et al. Systematic prostatic biopsies in 100 men with no suspicion of cancer on digital rectal examination. J Urol 1991; 146: 1308

Yashi AR, Wojno KJ, Gillespie B, Oesterling JE. A model fort he number of cores per prostate biopsy based on patient age and prostate gland volume. J Urol 1998; 159 (3): 920-4

Zlotta AR, Raviv G, Schulman CC. Clinical prognostic criteria for later diagnosis of prostate carcinoma in patients with isolated prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Eur Urol 1996; 30: 249-255


Stadiazione
Flanigan RC, McKay TC, Olson M, et al. Limited efficacy of preoperative computed tomographic scanning for the evaluation of lymph node metatsasis in patients before radical prostatectomy. Urology 1996; 48: 428-432

Friedman AC, Seidmon EJ, Radecki PD, et al. Relative merits of MRI, transrectal endosonography and CT in diagnosis and staging of carcinoma of prostate. Urology 1988; 31: 530-537

Gerrit J, Jager MD, Johan L, Seversens PhD et al. Prostate Cancer Staging: Should MR imaging be used? A decision analytic Approach. Radiology 2000; 215: 445-451

Kattan, M.W, et al. A preoperative nomogram for disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer I 1998; 90: 766

Kattan, M.W, et al. Evaluation of a nomogram used to predict the pathological stage of clinically localized prostate carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 79: 528

Kattan, M.W, et al. Pretreatment nomogram for predicting freedom from recurrence following permanent prostate brachitherapy in prostate cancer. Urology 2001; 58 (3): 393

Kattan, M.W, et al. Pretreatment nomogram for predicting the outcome of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 3352

Levran Z, Gonzalez JA, Diokno AC, et al. Are pelvic computed tomography, bone scan and pelvic lymphadenectomy necessary in the staging of prostate cancer? Brit J Urol 1995; 75 (6): 778-781

Oesterling J.E., Martin SK, Bergstralh EJ et al. The use of prostate-specific antigen in staging patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. JAMA 1993; 269: 57-60

Partin AW, Kattan MW, Subong EN et al. Combination of prostate-specific antigen, clinical stage, and Gleason score to predict pathological stage of localized prostate cancer: A Multi-Institutional Update. JAMA 1997; 277 (18); 1445-5

Partin, A.V, et al. Contemporary update of prostate staging nomograms (Partin Tables) for the new millenium. Urology 2001; 58: 843

Rees MA, McHugh TA, Dorr RP, et al. Assessment of the utility of bone scan, CT scan and lymph node dissection in staging of patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. J Urol 1995; 53: 352A

Seema S, Sonnad PHD, Curtis P, Langlotz MD. Accurancy of MR imaging for staging prostate cancer: a meta-analysis to examine the effect of Technologic Change. Acad Radiol 2001; 8: 149-157



ANATOMIA PATOLOGICA
Atlas of Tumor Pathology Tumors of the prostate gland, Seminal Vesicles, Male Urethra an Penis by R.H. Young J.R Srigley, M.B. Amin, T.M. Ulbright, A. Cubilla AFIP Washington D.C. 2000

Bostwick DG, Foster CS, Algaba F, Hutter RVP, Montironi R, Mostofi FK et al. Prostate Tissue Factors. In: Murphy G, Denis L, Khoury S, Partin A and Denis L (Eds), 2000 Prostate Cancer. Second International Consultation on Prostate Cancer, Co-Sponsored by WHO and UICC, June 27-29, 1999, Plymbridge Distributors Ltd, Paris

Bostwick DG, Grignon DJ, Hammond EH, Amin MB, Cohen M, Crawford D et al. Prognostic factors in prostate cancer. Collage of American Pathologists consensus statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 995-1000

Bostwick DG, Montironi R Evaluating radical prostatectomy specimens: therapeutic and prognostic importance. Virchows Arch 1997; 430: 1-16

Epstein JI, Yang XJ. Prostate Biopsy Interpretation. Third Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, New York 2002

Hoedemaeker RF, Vis AN, Van der Kwast TH. Staging prostate cancer. Microsc Res Technique 2000; 51. 423-429

Kunz G, Epstein JI: Should each core with prostate cancer be assigned a separate Gleason score? Hum Pathol 2003; 34: 911-914

Mazzucchelli R, Santinelli A, Lopez-Beltran A, Scarpelli M, Montironi R. Evaluation of prognostic factors in radical prostatectomy specimens with cancer. Urol Int 2002; 68: 209-215

Montironi R, Mazzucchelli R, Algaba F, Bostwick DG, Krongrad A. Prostate-specific antigen as a marker of prostate disease. Virch Arch 2000; 436: 297-304

Oliai BR, Kahane H, Epstein JI. Can basal cells be seen in adenocarcinoma of the prostate? an immunohistochemical study using high molecular weight cytokeratin (clone 34betaE12) antibody. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 1151-1160

Shah RB, Zhou M, LeBlanc M, Snyder M, Rubin MA. Comparison of the basal cell-specific markers, 34betaE12 and p63, in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 1161-1168

Sobin LH, Wittekind C (Eds.) TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours: International Union Against Cancer. Wiley-Liss, New York, 2002

Srigley JR, Amin MB, Bostwick DG, Grignon DJ, Hammond EH for the members of the Cancer Committee, College of American Pathologists. Updated protocol for of the examination of specimens from patients with carcinomas of the prostate gland. A basis for checklists. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124: 1034-1039

UICC TNM Classificazione dei tumori maligni. Sesta Edizione Raffaello Cortina Editore Milano 2002, pp. 188-191

Yang XJ, Lecksell K, Potter SR, Epstein JI. Significance of small foci of Gleason score 7 or greater prostate cancer on needle biopsy. Urol 1999; 54: 528-532


Caratterizzazione biologica
De Marzo AM, Nelson WG, Isaacs WB, Epstein JI. Pathologic and molecular aspects of prostate cancer. Lancet 2003; 361: 955-964

De Marzo AM, Putzi MJ, Nelson WG. New concepts in the pathology of prostatic epithelial carcinogenesis. Urology 2001; 57: 103-114

Hamdy FC. Prognostic and predictive factors in prostate cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2001; 27: 143-151


ANTIGENE PROSTATICO SPECIFICO
Bassler TJ Jr et al. Most prostate cancers missed by raising the upper limit of normal prostate specific antigen for men in their sixties are clinically significant. Urology 1998; 52 (6): 1064-9

Borer JG et al. Age specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges: population specific. J Urol 1998; 159(2): 444-8

Brawer MK et al. Complexed prostate specific antigen provides significant enhancement of specificity compared with total prostate specific antigen for detecting prostate cancer. J Urol 2000; 163: 1476-80

Djavan B. et al. Complexed prostate specific antigen, complexed prostate specific antigen density of total and transition zone, complexed/total prostate-specific antigen ratio, free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio, density of total and transition zone prostate-specific antigen: results of the prospective multicenter european trial. Urology 2002; 60 (Suppl 4A): 4-9

Djavan B. et al. Prostate specific antigen density of the transition zone for early detection of prostate cancer. J Urol 1998; 160 (2): 411-8

Djavan B. et al. PSA, PSA density, PSA density of transition zone, free/total PSA ratio, and PSA velocity for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum PSA 2.5 to 4.0 ng/ml. Urology 1999; 54 (3): 517-22

Djavan B. et al. Total and transition zone prostate volume and age: how do they affect the utility of PSA-based diagnostic parameters for early prostate cancer detection? Urology 1999; 54 (5): 846-52

Eastham et al. Variation of serum prostate-specific antigen levels: an evaluation of year-to-year fluctuations. JAMA 2003; 289 (20): 2695-700

Hoffman RM et al. Using multiple cutpoints for the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio improves the accuracy of prostate cancer detection. Prostate 2001; 52: 150-8

Hoffman RM et al. Using the free-to-total prostate specific antigen ratio to detect prostate cancer in men with nonspecific elevations of prostate-specific antigen levels. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15: 739-48

Horninger W. et al. Complexed prostate-specific antigen for early detection of prostate cancer in men with serum prostate-specific antigen levels of 2 to 4 nanograms per millilitre. Urology 2002; 60 (Suppl 4 A): 31-5

Jung K. et al. Receiver-Operating Characteristic as a tool for evaluating the diagnostic performance of prostate-specific antigen and its molecular forms-what has to be considered? Prostate 2001; 46: 307-10

Kirollos MM. et al. Statistical review and analysis of the relationship between serum prostate-specific antigen and age. J Urol 1997; 58 (1): 143-5

Oesterling et al. Serum prostate specific antigen in a community-based population of healthy men. Establishment of age-specific reference ranges. JAMA 1993; 18: 270 (7): 860-4

Okihara K. et al. Comparative analysis of complexed prostate specific antigen, free prostate specific antigen and their ratio in detecting prostate cancer. J Urol 2002; 167: 2017-24

Selley S et al. Diagnosis, management and screening of early localised prostate cancer. Health Technol Assess 1997; 1 (2): 1-96

Stamey TA. Examination of the 3 molecular forms of serum prostate specific antigen for distinguishing negative from positive biopsy: relationship to transition zone volume. J Urol 2000; 163: 119-26

Taneja SS. et al. Volume-specific cut-offs are necessary for reproducible application of prostate-specific antigen density of the transition zone in prostate cancer detection. Urology 2001; 58 (2): 222-7

Veltri RW. Impact of age on total and complexed prostate-specific antigen cutoffs in a contemporary referral series of men with prostate cancer. Urology 2002; 60 (Suppl 4 A): 47-52

Yan Y. Intraindividual variation of prostate specific antigen measurement and implications for early detection of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2001; 92: 776-80


FATTORI PROGNOSTICI
Berry WR, Laszlo J, Cox E, et al. Prognostic factors in metastatic and hormonally unresponsive carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 1979; 44: 763-775

Boccardo F., Pagani L., Calabria C., et al. Prostate cancer: biological and clinical parameters influencing disease progression. Adv Clin Oncol 1991; 3: 405-422

Bostwick D.G. Gleason grading of prostatic needle biopsies: correlation with grade in 316 matched prostatectomies. Am J Surg Pathol 1994; 18: 796-80

EORTC-GU Group. Data on file, 1995

Fitzgibbons PL, Page DL, Weaver D, Thor AD, Allred DC, Clark GM, Ruby SG, O'Malley F, Simpson JF, Connolly JL, Hayes DF, Edge SB, Lichter A, Schnitt SJ. Prognostic factors in breast cancer. College of American Pathologists Consensus Statement 1999. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000; 124 (7): 966-78

Logothetis CJ, Hoosein NM., Hsieh JT. The clinical and biological study of androgen independent prostate cancer (AI PCa). Semin Oncol 1994.; 21 (5): 620-629

Matzkin H, Perito PE, Soloway MS. Prognostic factors in metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer 1993; 72: 3788-3792

Montironi R. Prognostic factors in prostate cancer. Brit Med J 2001; 322: 378-9

Rubagotti A, Perrotta A, Pace M, et al. Identificazione di diversi sottogruppi prognostici nei pazienti affetti da carcinoma prostatico allo stadio C. FORUM Trends Exp Clin Med 1995; 53 (Suppl. 2): 30-31

Van den Ouden D, Tribukait B, Blom JHM, Fossa DS, Kurth KH, ten Kate FJW, Heiden T, Wang N, Schröder FH. Deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy of core biopsies and metastatic lymph nodes of prostate cancer patients: impact on time to progression. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. J Urol 1993; 150: 400-406


TERAPIA CHIRURGICA
Aus G, Abbou CC, Pacik D, Schmid HP, van Poppel H, Wolff JM, Zattoni F, and the Working Group on Oncological Urology: EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2001; 40: 97-101

Bostwick DG, Neumann R, Qian J, Cheng L. Reversibility of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: implications for chemoprevention. Eur Urol 1999; 35: 492-495

Catalona WJ, Smith DS. Cancer recurrence and survival rates after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer: intermediate-term results. J Urol 1998; 160: 2428-2434

Epstein JI, Steinberg GD. The significance of low grade prostate cancer on needle biopsy. A radical prostatectomy study of tumor grade, volume, and stage of the biopsied and multifocal tumor. Cancer 1990; 66: 1927-1932

Epstein JI, Walsh PC, Brendler CB. Radical prostatectomy for impalpable prostate cancer: the Johns Hopkins experience with tumors found on transurethral resection (stages T1a and T1b) and on needle biopsy (stage T1c). J Urol 1994; 152: 1721-1729

Graversen PH, Nielsen KT, Gasser TC, Corle DK, Madsen PO. Radical prostatectomy versus expectant primary treatment in stages I and II prostatic cancer. A fifteen year follow-up. Urology 1990; 36: 493-498

Han M, Partin AW, Zahurak M, Piantadosi S, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Biochemical (prostate specific antigen) recurrence probability following radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. J Urol 2003, 169: 517-523

Holmberg L. et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. New Engl J Med 2002; 347: 781-789

Hull GW, Rabbani F, Abbas F, Wheeler MT, Kattan MW, Scardino PT. Cancer control with radical prostatectomy alone in 1,000 consecutive patients. J Urol 2002; 167: 528-534

Hussain M, Smith DC, El-Rayes BF, Du W, Vaishampayan U, Fontana J, Sakr W, Wood D. Neoadjuvant docetaxel and estramustine chemotherapy in high-risk/locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 2003; 61: 774-780

Lerner SE, Blute ML, Zincke H. Extended experience with radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3 prostate cancer: outcome and contemporary morbidity. J Urol 1995; 154: 1447-1452

Lowe BA, Listrom MB. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate: an analysis of the predictors of progression. J Urol 1988; 140: 1340-1344

Pound CR, Partin AW, Epstein JI, Walsh PC. Prostate specific antigen after anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy: patterns of recurrence and cancer control. Urol Clin North Am 1997; 24: 395-406

Sakr WA, Haas GP, Cassin BF, Pontes JE, Crissman JD. The frequency of carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the prostate in young male patients. J Urol 1993; 150: 379-385

Salomon L, Levrel O, Anastasiadis AG, Saint F, de La Taille, Cicco A, Vordos D, Hoznek A, Chopin D, Abbou CC. Outcome and complications of radical prostatectomy in patients with PSA <10 ng/ml: comparison between the retropubic, perineal and laparoscopic approach. Prostate Cancer P D, 5 (4): 285-290, 2002

Soloway MS, Pareek K, Sharifi R, Wajsman Z, McLeod D, Wood DP, Puras-Baez A. Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Prostate Cancer Study Group. Neoadjuvant androgen ablation before radical prostatectomy in cT2bNxM0 prostate cancer: 5-year results. J Urol 2002, 167: 112-116

Soloway MS, Sharifi R, Wajsman Z, McLeod D, Wood DP, Puras-Baez A. Randomized prospective study comparing radical prostatectomy alone versus radical prostatectomy preceded by androgen blockade in clinical stage B2 (T2bNxM0) prostate cancer. The Lupron Depot Neoadjuvant Prostate Cancer Study Group. J Urol 1995; 154: 424-428

Van Poppel H, Goethuys H, Callewaert P, Vanuytsel L, Van de Voorde WM, Baert L. Radical prostatectomy can provide a cure for well-selected clinical stage T3 prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2000; 38: 372-379

Weldon VE, Tavel FR, Neuwirth H, Cohen R. Patterns of positive specimen margins and detectable prostate specific antigen after radical perineal prostatectomy. J Urol 1995; 153: 1565-1569

Zincke H, Oesterling JE, Blute ML, Bergstrahl EJ, Myers RP, Barrett DM. Long-term (15 years) results after radical prostatectomy for clinically localized (stage T2c or lower) prostate cancer. J Urol 1994; 152: 1850-1857


TERAPIA RADIANTE
Ash D et al. ESTRO/EAU/EORTC recommendations on permanent seed implantation for localized prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol 2000; 57: 315-321

ASTRO Consensus Panel. Consensus Statement Guidelines for PSA following Radiation Therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 37: 1035-1042

Aus G, et al. EAU Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2001; 40: 97-101

Blasko J et al. Brachytherapy for carcinoma of the prostate: techniques, patient selection, and clinical outcomes. Semin Radiat Oncol 2002; 12: 81-94

Bolla et al. Long-term results with immediate androgen suppression and external irradiation in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer (an EORTC study): a phase III randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 103-108

Brundage M. et al. The use of conformal radiotherapy and the selection of radiation dose in T1 or T2 low or intermediate risk prostate cancer - a systematic review. Radiother Oncol 2002; 64: 239-250

Chapman JD, Bradley JD, Eary JF et al. Molecular (Functional) Imaging for Radiotherapy Applications: an RTOG Symposium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003; 55: 294-301

Guidelines on the management of prostate cancer. The Royal College of Radiologists' Clinical Oncology Information Network. British Association of Urological Surgeons. BJU Inter 1999; 84: 987-1014

Horwitz E.M., Hanks G.E. External beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer. CA-Cancer J Clin 2000; 50: 349-375

Hoskin P.J. Palliative radiotherapy for disseminated Disease. In: "Radiotherapy of prostate cancer", Ed: Greco C, Zelefsky MJ, Harwood Academic Publishers 2000; 463-477

Laverdière J, et al. Beneficial effect of combination hormonal therapy administered prior and following external beam radiation therapy in localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 37: 247-252

Nag S. et al. American Brachytherapy Society Recommendations for transperineal permanent brachytherapy of prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 44: 789-799

Pan CC et al. Influence of 3D-CRT pelvic irradiation on outcome in prostate cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002; 53: 1139-1145

Peschel R.E, et al. PSA based review of adjuvant and salvage radiation therapy vs observation in postoperative prostate cancer patients. Int J Cancer, 2000; 90: 29-36

Pilepich et al. Phase III Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) Trial 86-10 of androgen deprivation adjuvant to definitive radiotherapy in locally advanced carcinoma of the prostate. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 50: 1243-1252

Potters L et al. External radiotherapy and permanent prostate brachytherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Brachytherapy 2002; 1: 36-41

Radge H et al. Modern prostate brachitherapy. Cancer 2000; 89: 135-141

Report on the Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer. Clinical Practical Guidelines. AUA Board of Directors, July 1995

Roach M. III et al. Phase III trial comparing whole-pelvic versus prostate only radiotherapy and neoadjuvant versus adjuvant androgen suppression: RTOG 9413. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1904-1911

Roach M. III et al. Predicting long-term survival and the need for hormonal therapy: a meta-analysis of RTOG Prostate Cancer Trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 47: 617-627

Sanguineti et al. Radiotherapy after prostatectomy. Tumori 2002; 88: 445-452

Scardino P.T. et al. The treatment of organ-confined, locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. AUA Office of Education, 2002

Scherr D, Swindle PW. Scardino P. National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines for the Management of Prostate Cancer. Urology 2003; 61: 14-24

Vicini F.A. et al. Definig a Dose-Reponse Relationship with Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer: is more really better? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001; 51: 1200-1208

Vicini FA et al. Treatment outcome with adjuvant and salvage irradiation after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Urology 1999; 54: 111-117

Villers A. et le Group de Travail SOR. Standards, Options and Recommandations 2001 pour la prise en charge des patients atteints de cancer de la prostate non métastatique: elements de la decision thérapeutique. Bull Cancer 2002; 89: 619-634

Weigel T. et al. Radiotherapy after radical prostatectomy in patients with prostate-specific antigen elevation. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 2002; 36: 35-42

Zelefsky M.J. et al. Predictors of improved outcome for patients with localized prostate cancer treated with neoadjuvant androgen ablation therapy and three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3380-3385

Zelefsky M.J. et al. Tolerance and Early Outcome Results of Postprostatectomy Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 39: 327-33


Terapia radiometabolica
Collins C, Eary JF, Donaldson G, Vernon C, Bush NE, Petersdorf S, et al. Samarium-153-EDTMP in bone metastases of hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. J Nucl Med 1993; 34: 1839-1844

Defermou A, Colamussi P, Giganti M, Cittanti C, Bestagno M, Piffanelli A. A multicentre observational study of radionuclide therapy in patients with painful bone metastases of prostate cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28: 788-798

Graham MC, Scher HI, Liu GB, Yeh SD, Curley T, Daghighian F, et al. Rhenium-186-labeled hydroxyethylidene diphosphonate dosimetry and dosing guidelines for the palliation of skeletal metastases from androgen-indipendent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1307-1318

Kraeber-Bodere F, Campion L, Rousseau C, Bourdin S, Chatal JF, Resche I. Treatment of bone metastases of prostate cancer with strontium 89 chloride: efficacy in relation to the degree of bone involvement. Eur J Nucl Med 2000; 27: 1487-1493

Kucuk NO, Ibis E, Aras G, Baltaci S, Ozalp G, Beduk Y, et al. Palliative analgesic effect of Re-186 HEDP in various cancer patients with bone metastases. Ann Nucl Med 2000; 14: 239-245

Menda Y, Bushnell DL, Williams RD, Miller S, Thomas MO. Efficacy and safety of repeated samarium-153 lexidronam treatment in a patient with prostate cancer and metastatic bone pain. Clin Nucl Med 2000; 25: 698-700

Turner SL, Gruenewald S, Spry N, Gebski V, Metastron Users Group. Less pain does equal better quality of life following strontium therapy for metastatic prostate cancer. Brit J Cancer 2001; 84: 297-302


ALTRE OPZIONI TERAPEUTICHE
Crioterapia
Bahn DK, Lee F, Torp-Pedersen S, McHugh T, Solomon MH, Lee FT Jr, Brisson L Prostate cancer: transrectal ultrasound guided percutaneous cryoablation. Proc Ann Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol 1995; 14: A662

Cohen JK, Miller RJ, Rooker GM, Shuman BA. Cryosurgical ablation of the prostate: two-year prostate-specific antigen and biopsy results. Urology 1996; 47: 395-401

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RITA
Schulman CC, Zlotta AR, Rasor JS, Hourriez L, Noel JC, Edwards SD. Transurethral needel ablation (TUNA): safety, feasibility, and tolerance of a new office procedure for treatment of benign prostatuc hyperplasia. Eur Urol, 1993; 24: 415-9

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PSA RISING SYNDROME
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FOLLOW-UP
Boccardo E, Calais Da Silva F, Selvaggi E.P., Debruyne F.M.J. Il ruolo del follow-up nella qualità della vita del paziente con carcinoma prostatico avanzato. Medico e paziente 1994; 16 (Suppl.), Edifarm.

Fossa S.D., Aass N., Opjordsmoen S. Assessment of quality of life in patients with prostate cancer. Semin Oncol 1994; 21: 657-661


DIREZIONI FUTURE
Chemioprevenzione
Scardino P.T. The prevention of prostate cancer-The dilemma continues. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(3): 297-9

Thompson I.M, Goodman P.J, Tangen C.M. et all. The influence of finasteride on the development of Prostate Cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 349(3): 215-24

La tomografia ad emissione positronica (PET)
Chang CH, Wu HC, Tsai JJ, Shen YY, Changlai SP, Kao A. Detecting metastatic pelvic lymph nodes by 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer. Urol Int 2003; 70: 311-315

de Jong IJ, Pruim J, Elsinga PH, Vaalburg W, Mensink HJ. Preoperative staging of pelvic lymph nodes in prostate cancer 11C-choline PET. J Nucl Med 2003; 44: 331-335

Hain SF, Maisey MN. Positron emission tomography for urological tumours. BJU Int 2003; 92: 159-164

Oyama N, Miller TR, Dehdashti F, Siegel BA, Fischer KC, Michalaski JM, et al. 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse. J Nucl Med 2003; 44: 549-555

Picchio M, Messa C, Bandoni C, Gianolli L, Sironi S, Brioschi M, et al. Value of (11C) coline-positron emission tomography for restaging prostate cancer: a comparison with (18F) fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. J Urol 2003; 169: 1337-1340

Sung J, Espiritu JI, Segall GM, Terris MK. Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography studies in diagnosis and staging of clinically advanced prostate cancer. BJU Int 2003; 92: 24-27


Antigene Prostatico Specifico
Sandler HM, DeSilvio ML. Surrogate end points for prostate cancer: what is the prostate-specific antigen telling us? J Natl Cancer I 2003; 95: 1352-1353


Nuovi farmaci e nuove modalità terapeutiche
Shaffer DR, Scher HI. Prostate cancer: a dynamic illness with shifting targets. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4: 407-414.

Van der Poel H.G. Smart drugs in prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2004; 45: 1-17