Volume 38, no. 9, September 2025. Diagnostic imaging and artificial intelligence: the new frontier. The number of HIV tests in Italy from 2018 to 2023: first results of PRONTI project. Endocrine Disruptors in the agro-food chain. RarISS Insert. Robert Boyle: the story of a scientist and the law that shaped physics

Abstracts:
Diagnostic imaging and artificial intelligence: the new frontier
Artificial intelligence (AI) develops systems that replicate human cognitive functions through algorithms and mathematical models. Advanced techniques like machine learning and deep learning have enabled the creation of sophisticated models, now essential in medicine, especially in diagnostic imaging. These systems, identifying patterns and anomalies, analyse images faster and more accurately than humans, enhancing visual quality, and automating complex diagnostic processes. Research infrastructures such as EATRIS, ELIXIR, and EBRAINS-Italy support innovation, also by organizing courses on AI in imaging. These events help update professionals, highlighting AI’s achievements and future prospects.

The number of HIV tests in Italy from 2018 to 2023: first results of PRONTI Project
We analyzed data on HIV tests performed in Italy from 2018 to 2023 obtained from the outpatient health services database provided by the Ministry of Health.  The annual screening rate (number of HIV tests per 100 adult population) was compared with the incidence of new HIV diagnoses obtained from the national HIV surveillance system. Approximately one million screening tests are performed annually, and this value is almost stable over time. A decline in the number of tests performed in 2020 was observed, probably due to the COVID-19 pandemic, followed by an increase in the following years. The screening rate varied across geographic areas, showing a decreasing gradient from North to South. No direct correlation emerged between the screening rate and the incidence of new HIV diagnoses. The study highlights the need for more targeted health strategies, such as improved access to testing, increased awareness, and promotion of HIV testing, to strengthen prevention and ensure equitable access to care in order to reduce HIV incidence in the Country.

Endocrine Disruptors in the agro-food chain
An Endocrine Disruptor (ED) is “a substance or mixture that alters one or more functions of the endocrine system, causing harmful effects on an intact organism, its progeny, populations or subpopulations”. In the agri-food chain, EDs can be present in drinking water and in animal- and plant-based foods, hence oral exposure. At a national level, the agri-food chain safety is guaranteed by the National Plan for Residue Research (PNR), while protection from chemical risk is guaranteed by the European REACH and CLP Regulations as well as by the recent introduction of specific hazard classes for endocrine disruption: ED HH (for human health) and ED ENV (for the environment).